Part 4
The standard library
The containers, algorithms, and utilities that mean you rarely need to write a loop or manage memory by hand.
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4.1
std::string and text
Text handling, encodings, and the difference between a character and a byte.
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4.2
Sequence containers
vector, array, deque, and list, and how to pick between them.
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4.3
Associative containers
map, set, and their unordered counterparts.
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4.4
Iterators
The abstraction that lets one algorithm work on every container.
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4.5
Algorithms
The functions in <algorithm> that replace most hand-written loops.
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4.6
Ranges and views
Composable, lazy pipelines over sequences.
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4.7
Smart pointers
Owning heap memory without ever writing delete.
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4.8
optional, variant, and expected
Types that make absence and alternatives explicit.
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4.9
Input, output, and formatting
Streams, std::format, and reading input without surprises.